Across the Sea

積水ハウス：日本的な建築やマーケティングへ

2010-06-01T19:44:00.000-07:00

どのように外国イメージが日本の広告に使われているかについて正確に分析できるように、少しどのように日本的なイメージが使われているかについて検討すべきだと思う。少し積水ハウスのCMについて書いてみる。　積水ハウスは、１９６０年に大阪に創業し、人間愛という価値観を示しながら、環境に配慮して、見た目に魅力的な家をデザインしている。現在、日本で最も大きな建設会社の一つになり、CMで強いブランドイメージを積み重ねている。
積水ハウスの強みの一つとして、和風建築を取り入れ、日本独自の近代的な住宅を作ることが挙げられる。そのイメージを与えるため、人間と自然環境の調和を強調し、日本的なイメージをCMに活かしている。例えば、CMの中で家の庭で園芸を楽しんだり、お風呂に入ったり、庭の花を見ながらお茶を飲んだりする様子が出てくる。それは、伝統的な日本文化と自然環境への畏敬を表している。日本では洋服や化粧品等に関して外国のイメージを重視しているにもかかわらず、和風建築やデザインに対する憧れが強いことが分かる。日本の家のデザインが実用的なモデルから、より快適さを追求したデザインに変遷するにつれて、このような日本的な建築が更に普及すると思う。これから積水ハウスはオーストラリアの市場に進出する計画がある。多くの日本の会社は海外に進出して、どのようなイメージを作るかについて悩むので、海外でも積水ハウスのマーケティング戦略が成功するかどうか非常に興味深いことだと思う。

ソフトバンク：理想的な家族の再定義

2010-05-19T08:23:00.000-07:00

今週は、ソフトバンクの広告について書きたいと思う。ホワイトプランを促進するためのソフトバンクのキャンペーンは依然として、好調だ。キャンペーンの目玉としては上戸彩主演のコマーシャルを制作し、日本の国民に「予想外な家族」を浸透させた。　顧客にインパクトを与えるために、ソフトバンクは少し可笑しく、ばかばかしいCMを作っているに違いないが、同時に少し日本家族の範囲を再定義していると思う。
このCMの家族は、ある程度典型的な日本家族を反映している。例えば、母親は主婦だし、お兄さんやアヤは仕事をしているのに、まだ実家に住んでいる。お父さんはしばしばいたずらして、お母さんに叱られる。お兄さんはスーツを着て、親孝行する。アヤはソフトバンクに勤め、食卓に座ってお母さんと喋ったり、祖父を訪ねに行ったりすること等だ。しかし、ここからが典型的な家族と大きく異なるところだ。父親は犬であり、お兄さんは礼儀正しい黒人だ。保守的な価値観を保ちながら、このマーケティング戦略は日本の家族を再構成している。具体的には、愉快な家族をイメージするために、典型的な家族の要素としてのサラーリマンの父親と兄を排除し、そのかわりに権力を持たない外国人のお兄さんと犬のお父さんを活用した。奇妙なことにお母さんが一番権力を持っている。
ソフトバンクがこの戦略を選択したのは、家族の概念でアピールをしながら、父親の絶対的な権力のような家族の中のマイナスイメージを回避できるからだ。特に強い家父長制家族に対して日本人が持つ悪い思い出等を避け、おとぎ話のような家族を作った。この戦略は家族の中で財布のひもを握る母親に直接アピールをする。家族ホワイトプランは家族向けの通話プランなので、ソフトバンクを選べば、もっと家族と電話で話せ、家族との関係を強化できるというメーセンジを伝えている。　CMは更に親しい家族関係を作りたい母親をターゲットにし、母親の感情にアピールしている。

株価分析：フォグバーの成功

2010-05-19T08:03:00.000-07:00

今週のポストとしては、資生堂フォグバーの業績を評価するため、株価の情報を分析したいと思う。　資生堂の株価の推移からフォグバーが成功したことが理解できると思うが、外的な影響（例えば、リーマン　ショック）を削るために、資生堂の競合会社、マンダム株式会社（ギャツビー）とコーセー株式会社の株価と比較する。この三つ社を選んだ理由は、同じ市場で競争し、マンダムもQUICKMOVINGMISTという商品で直接資生堂に挑戦したため、業績比較から資生堂フォグバーの売り上げ、フォグバーのマーケティング戦略の効果が分かりやすいからだ。
資生堂：Blue
マンダム：Green
コーセー：Red

このグラフは２００５年から株価を示している。資生堂は青、マンダムは緑、コーセーは赤だ。資生堂はTsubakiというシャンプーの売り上げで競合会社を引き離していた。　そして、リーマンショックが起こり、２００８年に資生堂とマンダムの株価は下落した。２００９年の後半に資生堂はフォグバーを発売し、段々株価が上がってきた。マンダムの株価も２０１０年の後半は上昇したが、横ばい状態に続いている。これからフォグバーのおかげで資生堂は男性の整髪料市場の大部分を占めるようになりそうだ。

競合商品：インターネットの戦場

2010-04-22T04:16:00.000-07:00

今週のポストとしては、先週のフォグバーの話を続けたいと思う。先週フォグバーのマーケティング戦略について触れたが、もう少し具体的にフォグバーのウェブサイトを分析する。さらに、ギャツビーのQUICKMOVINGMISTという競合商品も分析し、フォグバーと比較してみたい。

さて、フォグバーのために資生堂が作ったウェブサイトは傑作だ。　サイトに入るとフォグバーのトリコロールカラーに迎えられ、あか抜けてシンプルなブランドイメージで「頭の中が満たされる」。資生堂は雑然としたインターフェースより、シンプルな使いやすいサイトを作り、これがブランドに合っている。

サイトにはニュースや商品情報やCM情報やコンセプト等の部分があるので、読者としては沢山の情報にアクセスでき、いいと思う。特にフォグバーは他の既存商品と違い、ワックスでも、ヘアスプレーでもないので、顧客に使い方を教えるのは大事なことだ。この目的達成のため、使い方を説明しているビデオや画像も付け、美容師がスリーステップで簡単に説明する部分から科学的なメカニズムまでもある。この説明ビデオは髪の長さや商品の種類によって区分し、分かりやすくした。しかも、主に男性向けの商品なのに、消費者ベースを幅広くするために女性のための使い方の説明もある。このサイトは一言で言うと極めて詳しい。

しかし、その裏側から見ると、たまに載っている情報は若干冗長になってしまう。メインページで原田忠という美容師によって使い方が説明されているが、多様なヘアスタイルを示すのにヘアスタイリストのインタビューの部分で何回も同じような説明が繰り返されており、少し過剰なのではないだろうか。確かにこの高級サロンで働いている美容師は資生堂とフォグバーの上品なイメージを強調しているが、少し浪費的になってしまう。もう少しシンプルに情報を示し、スリム化すればいいかもしれない。

ギャツビーのQUICKMOVINGMISTのサイトは、逆に情報を簡単に示しているがサイトのデザイン自体は派手で、安っぽく見えるので、資生堂とは別の対象をターゲットにしていることが明白だ。特に多角的マーケティング戦略を使わず、資生堂と競争できるようにかなり木村拓也に依存しているようだ。しかし、QUICKMOVINGMISTのサイトから見ると、この新商品は若者を顧客のターゲットにしているので、４０歳近い木村拓哉を使うのは若干矛盾するのではないだろうか。　資生堂のトリコロールカラーの代わりに、蛍光色を使い、木村拓哉を使っているが、全体的にギャツビーのサイトに載っている映像や画像等は、資生堂の丹念に考案された戦略にかなわない。ギャツビーのサイトをざっと調べるとQUICKMOVINGMISTが資生堂のフォグバーの競合商品として急いで発売されたことが明らかだ。資生堂と比べ、見てすぐ分かる情報の示し方を工夫しているが、デザインのほうが芳しくない

資生堂 FOG BAR

2010-04-13T08:18:00.000-07:00

日本の企業と言えば、資生堂を思い浮かべる人が多いのではないだろうか。１８７２年に創業し、明治時代から日本一の化粧品メーカーになったことにより、日本のマーケティングの最先端の位置を占めるようになった。資生堂のフォグバーという男性整髪料のための新たなマーケティングキャンペーンは私の注意を引いた。フォグバーというのは、要するにスプレーヘアワックスで、ウエブサイトによるとワックスより使いやすいということである。さらに、既存のヘアワックスよりツヤ感、ホールド感、さらにナチュラル感といった特徴が強調されている。

消費者へのアピール
この商品を発売する際に、資生堂は主に若い男性を対象にしていたが、女性の消費者のことも考えていた。男性へ「この商品を使えば、かっこ良くなる」というメッセージを伝えるために、人気がある男性俳優（瑛太、小栗旬、妻夫木聡、三浦春馬））をCM戦略に利用したが、これが女性への効果的なアピールとなったのだ。このキャンペーンによって、ビートルズをコンセプトとした様々なバージョンのCMが登場した。実際のビートルズを使うかわりに、日本人の俳優がビートルズのメンバーに扮し、イギリスという舞台で色々なビートルズの歴史的な行動や衣服や髪型を真似したのだ。資生堂がビートルズのイメージを使った理由は一見しただけでは少し分かりにくいかもしれない。フォグバーが対象とする消費者は主に１５歳から３０歳までの男性なので、その世代はビートルズを思い出せない。しかし、中高生はあまり自分で買い物をしないので、母親が買ってくれる場合が多いだろう。現在の若者の両親はビートルズ世代である。従ってビートルズを懐かしく感じ、フォグバーを買う可能性が高くなる。フォグバーを買う際、ビートルズを思い出すだけではなく、６０年代に外国文化を初めて味わった時の憧れも思い出すようになる。このように、実際に社会における国際化は業界の広告やCM等に反映される。

国際色豊かなイメージ
資生堂は、わざと外国的なイメージを作るように努力したのだと思う。ビートルズのコンセプト以外にももっと国際的、お洒落なイメージを作るために、わざわざイギリスで撮影した。CMにはイギリスの名所が出てくる。例えば、イギリスの有名なふらふらしている帽子を冠ったり、電話ボックスから出てきたり、イギリスっぽい車に乗ったりする。さらに菅井きんという有名な女優はイギリス女王の役である。それに加え、フランスやイギリス等、西欧諸国の旗の色が容器のデザインに使われている。従ってフォグバーを一見すればイギリスが思い浮かび、CMや広告等を思い出すことになる。この商品の最大の特徴は競合商品より値段が高いこととともに、お洒落なイメージを強調していることである。

資生堂が大量のお金をこのプロジェクトに投資したことが明らかになった。新商品開発をする際、一般の消費者を顧客にし、競合他社の市場参入を防ぐことが一番大事となる。早めにブランドイメージを定着させ、顧客との関係を強固にすることが必要だから、資生堂はこのフォグバーにお金をつぎ込んでいるわけだ。フォグバーに対してギャツビーはもうQUICK MOVING MISTという競合商品を発売したが、資生堂が既にフォグバーのイメージを定着させていれば、競合商品を市場から閉め出せるかもしれない。これからもこの競合がどのように発展するかに注意するつもりだ。

チラシのデジタル化と国際化

2010-04-06T06:12:00.000-07:00

日本で、ブランドイメージを定着させるとともに、海外にも進出できたので、２００５年以降、ユニクロは日本の成功した企業の象徴の一つとして挙げられている。このような成功を説明する際に、中国で安く生産した衣服だという理由はよく指摘されるが、低い生産コストよりしばしば鋭いマーケティングのほうが大事だと思われている。

そこで、ユニクロの新しいデジタルチラシをユニクロの典型的なマーケティングの例として位置付けたい。このような広告が面白いという理由は二つある。まず、ユニクロは折り込みチラシの形に広告をデザインし、それに加えインタラクティブな特徴も入れた。商品を見るだけではなく、もし気に入った物があったら、見る人は画像をクリックして、その商品の細部やらもっと詳しい画像を見ることができる。さらにそのまま購入することもできる。このような広告はユニクロの売り上げ戦略に特に合っている。二つ目の面白い点はユニクロは唯一絶対のスタイルより、無数の商品を現代の多様化した消費者に提供し、その幅広い選択肢から何を選ぶかは顧客の自由に任せていることである。デジタルチラシは実際の折り込みチラシのように一斉に沢山の商品を掲載していると同時に、一つ一つの商品の情報も細部にまで渡っている。これにより、ユニクロの商品の数の多さも質の高さも強調できることになる。

広告のデザイン以外の特徴はところどころに英語が使われて、ハーフと白人のモデルも多いことである。これは日本における国際化の一つの印だ。この特徴は、日本に住んでいるのは日本人ではない人のほうが相対的に少ないのに、日本人が多様化した社会に憧れていることを示唆する。実際にユニクロはこのような国際的なイメージをよくテレビCM等に採用しているので、ある程度ユニクロの成功に貢献しているようだ。

東京の将来

2010-02-02T22:29:00.000-08:00

経済力だけでなく文化や社会的な洗練においても、ロンドンとニューヨークとともに、東京は高い地位を占めている。しかし、労働力不足をはじめとした少子化や高齢化によってもたらされた問題が増加しつつあるので、東京の競争力が危険にさらされた。であるから、東京の指導者は八十年代に弱い経済に由来する問題に直面したニューヨークとロンドンから教訓を得るのではないだろうか。
新しい独立した市役所をはじめとして、法人税削減、移民政策改革などが必要だと思う。東京首都圏の政権を強化すれば、以前よりビジネスに対する政策を通しやすくなる。先進国の中では東京の法人税率が一番高いので、国際ビジネスにとっての東京の魅力を挙げるためにこうした改革が非常に必要のではないだろうか。それに加え、知識集約産業を引きつけるために移民に対して規制を緩めるべきだと思う。要するに、注目したいのは経済を回復するためにある程度東京を国際化させるべきだという点である。そのような改革が出来れば、東京の未来も明るくなるのであろう。

The Global Recession: Holding the Flood Waters at Bay?

2008-11-18T06:14:00.000-08:00

This week I would like to continue my discussion of the state of the Japanese economy during the current financial crisis. Last week I wrote about the rising value of the Yen. Globally the rising value of the Yen will have a large impact on trade flows. I would like to extend this discussion by exploring Japan’s prospects in the upcoming period of global recession. As the global recession seems unavoidable at this point, many analysts are questions how deep and long the downturn will be. This week Japan joined a list of nations announcing that their economies were already in recessi on.　It also seems likely that the U.S. economy is in recession, given that Japan’s recession stems from a contract in exports to the U.S. and Europe. As European and American consumers tightened their spending following the subprime crisis, Japanese exports have plummeted. Additionally, the increase in the value of the Yen has also cut into Japanese export earnings. There has been a lot of mixed information about how severe the recession will be for Japan; with some sources saying that the Japan’s economy is in a good position and other sources claiming otherwise. If Japan does have a severe recession what will it mean for the current Prime Minister and political system? In order to answer these questions I have decided to search the web to see what the blogosphere have to say concerning the issue. The first article I have chosen is by Alpha Sources blog entitled, “Japan- the Recession is Here”. The second is an article called “Japan Sinks” hosted by the Japan Forum. I have included the comments below, but have also linked to the sites for your convenience.

Japan Sinks

Tobias,

Thanks for you post on the possible political effects of the current global recession for Japan. I agree with your assessment that the Japanese political elite has failed to come up with effective policy to end the long stagnation of the Japanese economy. Particularly, the last three Prime Ministers have been unable to address the problems facing Japan in the last few years. Hopefully the global recession will break the LDP’s hold on power and reinvigorate the political system. Although there does not appear to be a viable alternative to the LDP in the DJP, couldn’t a major election loss split the LDP? I think the most effective way to change the political system would be such a split in the LDP, separating the more conservative faction from the reformist factions. This would introduce a real competition of ideas into the Japanese political system. In order to reach a competitive system, the DJP may have to win several elections to induce change in the LDP’s staid party structure. The past 8 years with Koizumi’s reforms, a succession of three different Prime Ministers, and the current economic crisis all point to a likely crisis of legitimacy for the LDP. Do you see that as a likely outcome or do you think that Japanese politics will muddle along as usual?

While I found your article extremely engaging, I have one point of minor contention. You state that Taro Aso “leaves behind a country tottering on the brink of ruin.” Don’t you think that is a bit of an exaggeration? It is precisely because Japanese people have suffered relatively little from the last 20 years of varying degrees of political ineptness that the system continues the muddle along. In fact compared to the EURO zone and the U.S., Japan’s recession seems that it will be relatively minor. In fact, given Japan’s relatively healthy banking system it seems to possess a unique advantage in an international financial meltdown. As a recent article on Bloomberg.com stated, “Japan's got a fairly straightforward problem: it's experiencing an export-driven recession…it's nasty, but not particularly complicated. The rest of the world has a financial system disaster on its hands.”What is your opinion on this line of thought? Thanks again, and I look forward to reading your future posts.

Cole

Japan- the Recession is Here

CV,

Thanks for your detailed analysis of the Japanese economy as it heads into recession. It is pretty clear that the EURO zone and U.S. economies will be very hard hit by the financial crisis. According to your analysis the Japanese economy was already on a weak foundation before the financial crisis entered its acute phase. The Japanese financial system seems to be in pretty good shape in comparison to the European and American systems. However, since the Japanese economy is pretty much dependent upon exports to both regions, a recession in those regions will draw out the Japanese economy’s recession. Do you think there is room for Japan to offset its export losses by investing resources in expanding its hold in developing markets such as China, India, Russia, and Brazil? Given the weak position of America’s carmakers vis-à-vis Japanese carmakers, Japanese carmakers could use this opportunity to expand their market share further in America and in middle-income nations. You also state in your article that,“ increased savings through deposits are likely to be channeled into cheap government funding, we also know that Japan’s savings are increasingly flowing out towards higher returns.” Given the volatility of the current global financial environment, do you think that more Japanese savings will be invested domestically?

Even if Japan performs better relative to the other developed countries, it still seems to be facing some serious problems. Japan has never properly adjusted away from an export-based development model, even though it has a highly developed economy. Recently, the American and British economic models of finance-based, capital intensive growth also seem faulty. In what do you think Japan must reform its economy to be able to face its future challenges?

Thanks again. I look forward to reading your future posts on this issue.

Cole

Yen, Dollars, and the Subprime Crisis

2008-11-10T21:14:00.001-08:00

In recent weeks the Japanese stock market has suffered declines even greater than the American and European markets. At first glance, this might seem somewhat puzzling. Japan’s banking system has had little exposure to the sub-prime mortgage mess, and Japan’s consumers have an estimated $15 trillion in savings. Japan would appear to have relatively few worries compared to America and its imploding banking system and skyrocketing unemployment. To a degree the fall of the Japanese stock market can be attributed to concern over the weak state of the American and Euro Zone economies, together which account for over a third of Japan’s export markets. However, if one takes a closer look what is really scaring Japanese traders is something that America traders usually welcome with joy: currency appreciation. Since the beginning of the financial crisis in October, the Yen has increased about 30% in valuation vis-a-vis the dollar, and even more against the Euro. Why is this giving Japan such a scare? The origins of the Yen’s current appreciation are closely tied to the origin of the sub-prime crisis and America and Europe’s current financial woes. A stronger Yen is likely to damage Japan’s economy in the short run, however, it is probable that it also signals a shift to more consumer purchasing power in Japan, which may be good news for the rest of the world.

As I discussed in my first post, Japan’s banking system is propped up by an enormous sum of money saved by Japanese households. In fact, Japanese households save so much money there has been a chronic and massive excess of money in Japan. As can be seen here, even after loans there is colossal excess of 145 trillion Yen held by Japanese banks. In order to put this money to productive use banks invested huge sums abroad; the majority being used to by US dollars and debt. In this way, Japan’s over saving problem helped to feed America’s over consumption problem. The Japanese government allowed this to go on because it pushed the Yen’s value down versus the Dollar and EURO. The cheaper the Yen became, the more competitive Japanese exports became, allowing Japan to increase trade surpluses even as its imports skyrocketed . Both of these contributed to the deteration of the U.S. economy of the past several years.
American politicians constantly tout the need for a stronger dollar, demonstrated by the "strong-dollar policy" of the past twenty years. As recently as February of this year, even President Bush, who has presided over the largest deficits in American, history claimed, "We believe in a strong dollar policy...and in the ability of the economy to grow economically."However, they are mistaken in their assumption that a stronger dollar means a stronger economy. A stronger dollar has made U.S. manufacturing exports increasingly uncompetitive abroad, while increasing the competiveness of foreign imports. A prime example is the rapid detorioration of the American car industry, not only abroad, but within the U.S. as well. At the same time Japanese cars have virtually conquered the U.S. and European markets. That is not only because Japanese cars tend to be more fuel efficient and suffer fewer break downs, but because they been very cheap compared to American made cars. This same logic can be applied to a variety of Japanese products that are edging out their European and American competitors such as computers, driers, washers, televisions, cell phones etc. Japanese corporations reinvested their profits, leaving cash to spare in the banking system. The spare cash found its way back to the U.S. feeding American’s borrowing binge, even as U.S. manufactures sold less overseas. That brings us to the financial crisis and the current strengthening of the Yen.

The rapid strengthening of the Yen versus other currencies is evidence of Japanese investments returning from abroad, and is likely to lead to a decline in the enormous Japanese trade surplus. As the financial crisis has made American and European assets increasingly risky looking to investors, investment in the Yen has increased. Additionally, Japan’s banks are recalling their investments from abroad. The rise in the value of the Yen coupled with the global downturn will lead to a sharp contraction in the size of Japan’s trade surplus. However, a stronger Yen, while hurting exports, will further increase the buying power of the Japanese consumer. Although a contraction in exports will hurt Japanese businesses, the Japanese consumer should be able to enjoy unprecedented buying power. This might provide a bit of a cushion for American and European businesses that export to Japan. If the Japanese consumer uses that buying power to purchase more imports both the European and American manufacturing. The Japanese consumer has reputation for being frugal, and the news of a global down turn will only enforce these habits. Time will tell if the strengthening of the Yen will be a win- lose situation, or ultimately reenforce an already deep global downturn.

Green Revolution: Perspectives from Japan

2008-11-04T05:23:00.000-08:00

Today I am would like to take the opportunity to explore the globalization of the environmentalist movement and how this is having effects upon Japan’s own green consciousness. While I was in Japan, I noticed that Japan is in many ways greener than Europe, especially in the areas of public transportation, energy conservation, and waste management. However, most of those were government directed initiatives and the strong NGO environmental movement seemed to be lacking in comparison to the U.S. and Europe. The Japanese environmental movement began around the time of the oil shock in the late 1970’s. In comparison to American and European environmental movements that seem to focus on a “saving the planet” mentality, in Japan, environmentalism has always had a strong nationalist origin. Since Japan has no fossil fuels of its own, the government has worked towards energy conservation and efficiency for the purpose of national and economic security. Therefore, I decided to explore the blogosphere and investigate ways in which globalization is changing the Japanese environmental movement and how Japan’s own environmental policy is influencing other nations in their pursuit of energy independence and environmental harmony. The first article I would like to discuss is titled. “Japan as a Model For China’s Green Revolution”, and is hosted on The Green Leap Forward, a blog about environmentalism in China. The second blog I chose was one of those on my link roll, Trends in Japan. A recent article on Trends in Japan focuses on a recent fashion show and how collaboration with an environmental NGO produced some interesting results. The links to both comments are hyperlinked below, and additionally I have provided my two comments for each site.

"Japan as a Model for China's Green Revolution?"

Julian, I really enjoyed you post China’s current environmental situation, and how Japan can provide a model for China to emulate as it moves forward with environment policy. Despite China’s rapid growth, I think there is a lot of room for China to control its CO2 output while its economy develops. Additionally, I think Japan provides a good example of how a Green Revolution and economic development are not mutually exclusive. As your article stated, Japan’s own move into more energy efficient production and production of energy efficient products helped to move its economy into a high-tech, lucrative direction. Even now, many of the companies that managed to produce these energy efficient products in the 1970’s Oil Shock are the most competitive companies from Japan, such as Honda, Toyota, Sharp, etc. Like Japan in the 1970’s, China seems to be a critical junction in the development of its economy away from a labor intensive one to a capital -intensive economy that produces high-tech products. The recent scandals with tainted food products and product defects have hurt China’s reputation globally. A move into “green products” and a “green economy” has the potential to give China’s manufacturers a better reputation amongst the globes consumers, particularly those in the developed world. This would allow China to avoid any sort of consumer backlash against its products. In your article, you express a fear that a move into high-tech manufacturing will simply move the production of goods from China to other nations such as Vietnam and Indonesia. However, greater national energy, such as that achieved by Japan, would help to control the cost of energy for production helping China to produce energy at cheaper rates than its competitors. With cheaper energy, China could remain competitive even in the manufacture of low-end goods vis-à-vis developing countries for some time to come. Japan’s state driven approach to environmental regulation and energy conservation will be easier for China to implement than a more NGO driven movement, given China’s lack of a functioning democratic process. If the Chinese government sees environmentalism as being equal to energy independence, it will be much more likely to pursue significant reforms in that area. So I’d like to thank for your timely article on this important issue.

"Tokyo Girls Collection Gets Green"

Rebecca, I enjoyed your timely article on Tokyo Girls Collection’s attempt to go green. I appreciate how you attempted to analyze what aspects of the show were successful and innovative in comparison to the more half-hearted aspects such as the “eco bag”. I think the use of model statements on how they reduce their own carbon footprints or work to live a more environmentally conscious existence is particularly important. The influence celebrities have over fashion, in both Japan and abroad, is undeniable since they are the source of many new trends. The use of celebrities as a source of environmentally conscious lifestyle is particularly important in the age of mass global media. The “My Challenge” pledges by the models to reduce their carbon output by 1k a day added a degree of legitimacy that the statements would have otherwise lacked.

While I thoroughly enjoyed your post, I found myself hoping that you discussed the importance of the issue at hand and what effects you thought I might have for the Japanese environmentalist movement as a whole. I felt that they entry was too much of just a brief summary of events, but would gain much from a more detailed analysis. Just added a few sentences of commentary would have filled out the article a bit more and made it more engaging for the reader. I understand that the purpose of Trends of Japan may be to present a more news-like reporting of events, however, given the lack of information about Japan related trends online, an occasional discussion of the topic would create a more engaging blog. I look forward to reading your entries in the future.

BoA: Cultural Globalization in Action

2008-10-27T12:54:00.000-07:00

While the political and economic dimensions of globalization have been the focus of the majority of my blog posts, I would here like to explore the cultural dimensions, taking as my inspiration the recent release of BoA's first English single (along with a new album in the U.S.) Although the importance of culture in understanding globalization is often overlooked, culture is a driver of change just as important as politics or economics. Particularly in the last ten to twenty years, it has affected the way people consume products (in what way they choose to look, what their material goals are) but also how people conceive of themselves in the context of culture. Within the past eight years the proliferation of internet based media has made cultural entertainment products globally accessible on a level never seen before. Anyone with a computer and an internet connection can access a wide variety of cultural products through such services as YouTube, Veoh, iTunes, and host of other sites. However, until very recently the forces of globalization have acted primarily to export American culture elsewhere in the world.

The American music industry demonstrates the one sided nature of cultural globalization particularly well. One can find top ten albums and singles by American artists in nearly every country, however it has been rare for foreigners to have chart success in the U.S. Additionally, it is unheard of there being any popular Asian singers in the U.S. There is the rare British or Canadian artist that achieves success stateside, but those countries are culturally the closest to American culture. This suggests a surprising degree of insularity for a country that sees itself a nation of immigrants and a melting pot of different cultures. By contrast, Japan is a largely mono-ethnic nation such as Japan, that is in many ways much more receptive to global cultural, demonstrated by the popularity of 3rd culture artists such as BOA or Utada Hikaru. The failure of Japanese music artists to achieve popularity abroad was affected by the economic dominance of the West until very recently, and on a micro level, confusion about how to market Asian artists in the US due to existing stereotypes.

America’s global cultural chauvinism can be seen as a function of economic power. As America and Europe had the most economic power in the world, it was only natural that that Western culture would be more likely to be exported abroad in the form of not only products, but entertainment. The higher GDP per capita is the more disposable income consumers have to spend in such areas as entertainment, creating a more sophisticated pop-culture industry. As one can see by clicking on the above link, the majority of higher GDP per capita nations are still concentrated in North America and Europe. In Asia, only Japan, Korea, and Taiwan posess GDP per capita on a level equal to or higher than most European or North American nations. However, the global balance of economic power seems to be shifting ever increasingly away from Europe and America, and towards Asia, particularly China and Japan. As can be see on the graphic to the right there are already large concentrations of GDP in Japan, Korea, and North Eastern China equal to those in Western countries (indicated by deep scarlet). Japan has already reached a point where it is exporting culture to most of Asia in the form of Hamasaki Ayumi, Utada Hikaru, Johnny’s boy bands, manga, anime, fashion, and movies. Korea too has begun exporting its popular drama and music groups to the rest of Asia. With most of the acts listed before being fluent in several languages, including English, it seems only a matter of time before one of them makes significant waves on a more global scale.

BOA is a prime example of cultural globalization at work. She is a trilingual Korean singer whose biggest market is Japan, and her new album will be in entirely in English. She is demonstrative of the openness of Japanese culture to new ideas and culture from abroad. Japan has had a history of adopting foreign cultural ideas and rapidly remodeling it into something that is uniquely Japanese. In the same way, BOA’s Korean identity was not de-emphasized, however she was marketed as being kawaii ( the Japanese word meaning cute), a particularly Japanese image. She was presented as something both foreign, and therefore interesting, but also something safe. For that reason, her popularity in Japan easily exceeds her popularity in Korea, and the majority of her record sales and endorsements are in Japan. Narrowly she can be seen as part of the Korean Wave, the great increase in cultural exchange between Japan and South Korea, but more broadly as Japan’s growing openness to international trends, fashion, and culture.

The last time a Japanese artist had success in the U.S. was 1961, when a song called “sukiyaki”reached number one. Utada Hikaru, Japan's leading pop singer (both critically and commercially) attempted to release an album in 2005. Despite Utada having grown up in New York City and being a native speaker of the English language that effort failed to sell over 50,000 copies in the U.S. (although in Japan, it is the best selling English album ever). It is important to note that attempt involved a rather radical change of artistic representation that left Utada the artist in an awkward position. Her Japanese image is that of an intelligent, slightly dorky, musician, otherwise a multidimensional personality. However her American label decided to market her in different manner, most notably wearing a bikini under a clear raincoat for her lead single, “Easy Breezy”. In comparison to the video for either her previous Japanese single "Colors" or the following single "Be My Last", she is portrayed so differently as to almost make one wonder if it is the same person. If one goes further to actually analyze the lyrics you find an even greater disparity. The lyrics for both Japanese songs are sophisticated analyses on life and human. relationships, whereas the most memorable part of the American single was the line, "You're Easy Breezy and I'm Japaneezy". In order to sell albums, Island Records chose to reduce Utada to a one dimensional character that failed to resonate with the music buying public. American media commonly responds to Asian females, by exoticiing and over-sexualing them.

BoA also seems to be facing the same pressure to adapt to the American market, by presenting herself in a more aggressive and sexual manner in the video for the new single,"Eat You Up". When compared to the video for "Eat You Up" with either of her preceding Japanese singles,“Kissing You”and “Sparkle”, it is apparent that it has been decided to shift her away from a kawaii image towards a more sexual, urban image. This corresponds to previous portrayals of Asian women in American media. However, because this method did not work for Utada, it seems questionable how successful it will be for BoA. Fortunately for BoA, her lead single avoids any lyrical blunders on the scale of the before mentioned "japaneezy" line. It remains to be seen if BoA can create a image capable of engaging the American's public's attention, and then maintaining that attention long enough to establish a career.It will be difficult for BoA to carve out an individual artistic personality without first erroding stereotypes held by many Americans. As Asia becomes a more powerful economic presence, the amount of Asian culture that is exported abroad will likely chip away at American stereotypes. However, hit single or not, that may just be too late for BoA.

Japan on the Net：A Spectrum of Resources

2008-10-13T23:42:00.000-07:00

For this week's post, I have expanded my link roll to include twenty high-quality websites and blogs that will supplement my own writings on the blog by allowing readers greater access to related subject matter on the web. In selecting the links, I tried to apply the criteria provided by the Webby Awards and IMSA. In addition to a great deal of high quality economic and finance sites related to Japan, I was also able to discover a few high quality sites pertaining to cultural items such as music, fashion, manga, etc. Since the topic of my blog is Japan's place in globalization, these sites are particularly important, but quality sites are relatively rare. The sites I added to my link roll are either blogs, online affiliates to magazines, government sites, NGOs, and private companies. The provide a wide range of focuses: with some more closely aligned with the global, financial side of my blog and some focusing strongly on the cultural, Japanese focus of my blog. I tried to select sites that were visually stimulating, user friendly, organizationally adept, and with engaging content. All of the sites I found are posted in the link roll, to the right. Below, I will critique the sites in two loose groups, those sites that deal with political/economic issues and those dealing with cultural issues. Additionally, a link will be provided for each site as the title of the site below.

The first site is Asia Policy Point, a professional looking site provided by an American think tank relating to topics concerning Japan and Asia. The site is notable for its clean, scholarly design and ease of use. Content wise, the site provides solid information and commentary concerning more controversial issues involving Japan such as: comfort women and Japanese nationalist movements. Asia Society provides a variety of valuable speeches and interviews with leading academics in the realm of East Asian Studies. The site is also notable for it's visual display. East Asia Forum was one of the first blogs I found that discussed Japanese issues through a strong academic lens. The authors are all strong in their respective fields, with several notable academics including Drysdale and Zhang. While the site also uses the work of several graduate student writers, it obviously has a strong editorial office since all of the work is of excellent quality. The inclusion of a few graduate students on this site provides an outlet for up and coming opinions on many issues, and a comfortable environment for other students to share their own opinion. I think that feature is of particular importance in engaging the reader and creating Fairer Globalization is a blog that deals with issues pertaining to globalization. In Asia, is a blog hosted by the Asia Foundation, it has frequent, well-written postings. J@pan Inc. provides a wide variety articles on " Business Technology People". The major problems here are a some what confusing interface and confusion presentation. The look of the site is also somewhat dated looking. The Japan Center for International Exchange is a nice looking site, however it is somewhat sparse on hard content. It mostly serves a portal to articles and summaries of conventions concerning Japan. The Japan Economic Foundation is a great site not only for current economic news, but great articles that pursue current issues to a deeper level. Managing Globalization is a blog run by the International Herald Tribune, focusing on current global issues. This is an excellent example of a blog: providing well written content in a user friendly environment. Furthermore, the site design is professional without being boring, and devoid of tacky advertising that could detract from the focus of the blog. The Office of the Prime Minister, The National Diet, and The Bank of Japan sites provide a wealth of information on Japanese government activities, and finer points of policy not reported in major news outlets. Of the three sites, the Office of the Prime Minister and The Bank of Japan have the most effective sites. Both sites provide a great deal of information, as well as lively graphics that draw the user in. The National Diet site provides a great deal of valuable information, however, it is presented in a dense forbidding manner that discourages the user from exploring the site.

J-Pop Asia is a blog providing video, music, and lyrics to a variety of Japanese popular music. This site is notable for the sheer quantity of material it provides, and the forums it allows for discussion of that material. However, the site, since being for profit, is marred somewhat by tacky ads. Japanese Streets provides a large amount of information, including pictures and magazine scans, about Japanese youth/fringe fashion. Tokyo Street Style is also a site dedicated to Japanese fashion. However this site shows more mainstream fashion, provided by catalogs of snapshots taken of pedestrians. Tokyo Neo Style provides a look at individual's fashion, and also excels in providing more information about their models. It should be noted, that Tokyo Neo Style has more content on its Japanese version. The information on the English site, while understandable, occasionally is awkwardly phrased. The addition of video files is also noteworthy. Takashi Murakami is a site dedicated to the artist of the same name. He is notable for his pop-art, which was recently used for the album cover of Kanye West's Graduation album. Unfortunately the site is someone aesthetically flawed due to side bars full of google ads. Trends in Japan attempts to present a wide spectrum of new trends occurring in Japan. The site has a slick, modern appearance that lends itself to the newest, if at times trivial, trends. Web Japan provides a broad spectrum of information concerning Japan. Unfortunately the site's design is somewhat old-fashioned, and detracts from the contemporary nature of its content. However, the large amount of information provided, including a large amount of video files, help to make up for drawbacks in appearance. Overall I was somewhat surprised by the breadth of content available on the web about Japan, and I found quite a few really top notch sites amongst them. I found these sites noteworthy because, unlike many sites focusing on Japanese pop-culture, they did not attempt to emphasize or play up bizarre facets. In particular, I think I enjoyed Tokyo Neo Style and Tokyo Street Style for their unfiltered presentation of Japanese fashion. I look forward to keeping up with these sites as they develop, and using them as valuable resources for my posts in the future.

Taro Aso: Is Japan's new Prime Minister a Conservative or a Maverick

2008-09-29T19:13:00.001-07:00

Last week, I explored Japan's place in the world rather obliquely through the current American financial crisis, and what kind of model Japan's financial could provide moving forward. Two Japanese banks, Nomura Bank and MUFJ seem to be taking advantage of their own financial health vis-a-vis America's banks by buying Lehman Brother's Asian assets and a 20% share in Morgan Stanley, respectively. However in the Japanese news, the American financial crisis has largely been overshadowed by the coming of a new Prime Minister, Taro Aso. He is Japan's third Prime Minister in three years, reflecting the unpopularity of their party the Liberal Democratic Party. Accordingly, when searching blogs concerned with Japanese issues, I found them to be primarily concerned with Taro Aso, and what should of policies he might introduce to Japan during his tenure as Prime Minister. Taro Aso is not a new-comer to Japanese politics, but rather a seasoned politician from a political family; his grandfather was former Prime Minister Yoshida Sheguru. For the most part, Taro Aso has been portrayed as deeply conservative by the primary western media outlets. While there is truth to this statement, I believe that Aso is more than just the typical conservative plutocrat from the Liberal Democratic Party, Japan's defacto political party. Those politicians tend to be in the vein of the recently resigned Fukuda seemingly lacking in the political personality or energy to accomplish change, conservative or otherwise. My first exposure to Taro Aso was last year, when he was on a popular morning news program to campaign in support of the late Fukuda. I immediately noticed that his charisma and spunk differentiated him from the average, geriatric member of the LDP. The blogs I read seemed to paint a more three dimensional portrait of Taro Aso.　However, they also highlight his shortcomings, particularly in choosing his current cabinet members. The question facing the Japanese is similar to the one facing American's concerning John McCain: is he a maverick or just one of the "good old boys"?
The first blog I read was titled Aso's Beautiful Country, and emphasized the reformist nature of his speech to the Japanese Diet. The blog, Observing Japan, is written by Tobias Harris, a current graduate student at MIT and contributor to various new outlets concerning Japan. The second blog I commented on is called the East Asia Forum, and it is a blog dedicated to East Asian policy issues. I commented on an article titled "The Aso Cabinet Circus" written by Shiro Armstrong who is a phD candidate at Australia National Universty in International and Development Economics. I have posted my comments to their respective blogs. Additionaly, I have included the posts below and easily links to access their blogs for your convenience.

Comment:

Tobias, thank you for your series of posts concerning Taro Aso, Japan's new Prime Minister. I agree with your assertions that Taro Aso is not your average LDP politician, but rather an interesting and dynamic man who seems keen on restoring Japan's position in the world. I particularly enjoyed your comparison of Taro Aso's vision for Japan with that of former Prime Minister Abe. You state that in Abe's vision, Japan's postwar system was, "an extended detour from the path Japan ought to follow." I am curious to in what ways that system does not fit into Abe's vision for Japan, and really what kind of vision did Abe hold for Japan? I agree with your assessment that Taro Aso holds the post-war Japanese system in esteem and essentially see reform as turning Japan back towards the ideals held by that system. Notably in his recent speech to the Diet, Aso was very clear the he believes that the LDP has been systematically failing the Japanese public through its inaction and lax attitude towards their well-being. Do you think that this speech has the opportunity to produce real change in the current political situation in Japan, either by spurring the LDP to take action or serve as starting point for the end of their political dominance in the upcoming election? I believe that Taro Aso seems to have the energy to make a real difference to the current political landscape, either through solving a few of the current policy issues or fail to do so and in the process mar the LDP beyond repair. I am more inclined it will be the latter, not because the issues facing Japan seem particularly grave (at least compared to those facing the U.S. at the moment), but rather since Aso seems to be setting himself up for failure. His vision for Japan is regressive and does not take into account the problems facing Japan during this age of globalization. Additionaly, his cabinet appointments seem to be designed to produce the most dysfunctional cabinet possible. Finally, I think his first proposal smacks of typical LDP economic policy: spend until economic recovery comes. I am not quite sure those are quite the right set of policy tools to the table to "repair" Japan's economy or solve future pension issues. I do not believe that a simple return to the LDP of the past will be enough to solve Japan's problems, although I believe many of those value such as egalitarianism and frugality are importance in determining Japan's new direction. Japan's future problems are quite different than those of the past, and it will require new government solutions and real reform to solve them.

Comment:

Shiro, I thoroughly enjoyed your post about Taro Aso's new cabinet choices. While Taro Aso seems to have challenged the LDP to do a better job in his speech to the Diet, he choices seem hardly be live up to that rhetoric. Your post further leads me to the conclusion, that despite his energetic profile and his family's political history, that Aso will be incapable of solving the political problems facing Japan. These problems of course include a rapidly aging population, a large government debt, ineffective government monitoring of the food industry, as well as the threat of a recession. His criticism of the LDP for failing to solve these problems was warranted. However, his cabinet appointments seem to make a mockery of his speech and make him appear a hypocrite. Particularly his choice of Hatoyama, known as the "Angel of Death", as Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications seems to be a bad decision giving the current rice scandal. Furthermore, I was shocked to read in The Economist, that Nakagawa Shoichi, when called upon by a reporter form the The Economist, was found, "in erratic form, with his shirt unbuttoned to the waist." Such a choice for Finance Minister during a global financial crisis seems to be asking for public backlash. Given Taro's recent speech, do you think that it is possible that Taro Aso may be trying to force reform on the LDP by basically engineering electoral defeat in the upcoming election? Does he feel that perhaps, like Koizumi, that perhaps the only way to effectively "fix" Japan and its current problems the LDP grip on power must be broken, and the electoral system opened to true competition? Perhaps a multi-party system and the political competition it brings is necessary to produce policy that will be able to move Japan into the future.

Searching for a Cure: Financial Sector lessons from Japan

2008-09-20T18:31:00.000-07:00

As the meltdown of the U.S. financial system continues apace, building on the already considerable losses from earlier in the year, the looming questions are “what went wrong?” and “ how do we fix it?” Each day the magnitude of the crisis seems to be getting worse. The tally reached a benchmark of $379 billion in July of this year, and is now estimated to have losses easily surpassing the trillions of dollars. In short, this is the worst financial crisis the U.S. has faced since the stock market crash of 1929. We now have to reevaluate what the real purpose of the U.S. financial system is, and what degree of regulation is necessary to achieve that vision.

Since the Japanese economic model was dismissed in 1989, the U.S. has been the predominant economic and financial model: advocating free markets and even greater liberalization of capital markets. The U.S. vision for the financial markets was one in which government played little to no regulatory role, where the markets would ultimately decide the direction of capital flows. In contrast to the U.S. model, Japan long advocated controlled use of capital through coordination between the government, banking, and industrial sectors. However, while Japan’s economy has quietly grown at a modest pace of 1-2% over the past 17 years, it has been outpaced by the stellar growth that the U.S. economy registered during the same period. In fact, when one takes a deeper look at the existing data a much different picture emerges as to which economy was better serviced by their respective financial systems.

With the gradual deregulation of the U.S. financial system, the economy adjusted to increasingly plentiful lines of credit by beginning a binge of borrowing. Not only did the U.S. government accrue debt at an alarming rate, the average American household used easy credit by borrowing against the value of their house, to fund a 15 year spending spree. At the same time, despite high economic growth, there has been a steep rise in income disparities , and due to rising prices, an actual decrease in living standards for the majority of Americans after 2001. This created an American economy that relied too heavily on credit borrowed from abroad and one too heavily focused around financial services as a basis of the economy.

Although often criticized for growth rates that were considered too sluggish, during the same 17 year period Japan's economy managed to increase its trade surplus, household savings rates, and standard of living. Notably, such developments occurred in tandem with a reformation of the banking sector. The Japanese financial system is based on managed and cooperative use of capital. This involves cooperation between the government, large banks, and large companies to direct capital to towards areas of the economy that need capital. In a word, the Japanese financial sector still functions as a market, as the big banks still function in respect to profit, however the use of their money and speculation is more closely monitored than in the deregulated American system. The goal of the financial sector is not simply to make a profit, but also to direct capital toward developing industry for the purpose of international trade. Additionally, instead of using primarily foreign capital, the Japanese system relies primarily on domestic capital created through household savings. This means the individual savings of Japanese families are put towards developing the national economy in contrast to the American system where foreign money fueled consumer spending.

The Japanese system can hardly be called perfect, and has suffered its own serious downturns such as in 1989. However, the United States has suffered no more than three serious financial crises in the same period, with the current one being by far the worst. Alan Greenspan, the former head of the Federal Reserve Bank called it, " A once in a half century, probably once in a century, type of event." A financial system that is highly unregulated poses just as much of a danger to our society as a source of capital to help our economy grow. In particular, in the age of globalization, where the internet provides lightning fast communication, a deregulated financial system can too easily be misled by incorrect information and speculation.

Last week, the negative effects of speculation were clearly evidenced when short selling nearly forced several large investment banks such as Morgan Stanley into bankruptcy, despite their performance not being quite that bleak. In a deregulated system, we are more likely to see financial crises driven by greed, such as the current sub-prime mortgage crisis. They are more likely to spiral out of control as speculation forces even financially sound companies to their knees. The proponents of this system point to the vast amounts of capital it can make available for use, however, the use of that capital make a profit has negated the benefits it offered. In short, this system of finance is not one that has served our nation well: it has led to a massive accumulation of household debt, the erosion of industry, and a destructive wave of defaults that threaten the very foundation of our nation's economy.

In order to return the American economy to health, the instability of the financial system must be resolved by a degree of re-regulation by the government. When the Japanese Finance Minister, Eisuke Sakakibara predicted the current crisis in American financial markets he stated the reasons as being, "that the global capitalism we now have is inherently unstable, and... We don't have the international mechanism to really prevent a crisis or to manage them when they occur." Therefore, the U.S. government, particularly the Federal Reserve Bank, must take a leading role, akin to Japan's Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan, in the regulation and direction of the finance industry. It is of profound importance that the financial tools available to raise capital for the economy are regulated and establish specific rules for the trading of such equity. Primarily the dependence of the U.S. economy on large investment banks should be broken, and those companies should be strictly regulated. Additionally, that system where over-consumption is encouraged through artificially low interest rates and excess capital is put to an end. Instead a policy the encourages savings by limiting access to easy credit such as mortgages, credit cards, and other forms of commercial borrowing for consumption. With higher savings the U.S. will have a decreased need on foreign capital to both finance our debt and to provide capital for business. Increased savings will also provide a considerable bulwark of funds both nationally and within the banking system itself with which to protect against further financial crises. Although there may be little we can do to correct the current crisis and the impending economic recession, through smarter regulation and coordination between the government, banking sector, and industry we might just be able to secure a better and healthier American economy for generations to come.